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Welcome to deep into the pages um
If you been watching the international news over the last few days
You might be experiencing this
Well
This overwhelming sense of unpredicability or absolutely it's almost a real gical al kind of insecurity
Yeah
Exactly there is a very palpable feeling of global anxiety
Right now
And just too impartially observe the facts here we're seeing rapid highly significant military actions like just recently on february twenty eight
There were fast moving military engagements involving the us
Israel and iran
Right and if we look just a little further back
We've also seen us military volvement in venezuela
Yeah
So when you look at this rising geopolitical tension
It creates the sense of almost unpredictable chaos
The reality of our modern world just feels like it's sliding into a precarious state
It really does
And when the earth feels this volatile a very specific almost universal fought pops into your head
You start thinking earth is just too dangerous
Right now
When can we finally escape to mars and hide it's a profound psychological reflects
Honestly we witnethese these geopolitical tectonic plates shifting
And our immediate instinctists to just look up at the night sky for sananctuary like cocosmapanic rirow
Exactly even though we are seeing leaders in the space industry like elon musquk and spacex
Temporarily pivoting some of their short term focus toward the moon with the artimist missions
Mars remains stubborly lodged in humanity subconscious
It's the ultimate bomsday back up up drive that's the perfect way to phrase it
But the notion that we can simply pack our bags and leave our earthly problems behind well it ignores a much more complex reality
Humanity is currently caught between two massive reshaping forces
And i want to establish this dual force framework right out the gake
Because it really frames everything we 're going to exexplore this dededive today for it
So the first forces top down
And that's artificial intelligence ai is currently invading our minds are information streams are algorithms
It's atomzing us changing how we process reality and eventually through technology like brain computer interfaces
It could physically alter our biology from the talk down
Which is terrifying in its own right right
But the second force and this is the one
We are erering in on today is bottom up
That is space migration specifically to mars
And mars is going to fundamentally reshape our physical bodies
First it does this through its extreme enenvionmental realities and that profound physical transformation will subsequently and completely rewrite our psychology and our social structure
Which brings us directly to our source text for today
We are exploring this brilliant work by evolutionary biologist scosallen is called becoming martian
How living in space will change our bodies and minds
And solomon goes far beyond just the engineering challenges of getting a rocket to the red planet
Yeah
He's not just talked about fuel payloads and frost
Not at all
He consults nuclear physicists
Microbiologist
Geneticcists and actual astronausts to ask a much more terrifying question
If we actually do this
If we establish a permanent settlement on mars
Will we even still be human after a few generations
Spoiler alert for everyone listening
Escaping earth isn't just a matter of building some futuristic glass houses on a red rock
It is an irreversible evolutionary divergence
I total biological fork in the road
So let's shatter that illusion of the marchan safe haven right now
When we dream of escaping earth's political problems
We completely take for granted the invisible luururies of our home planet
We really do
We have a glorious one gy of gravity
We have a thick atmosphere
And we have a massive magnetic field acting as an invisible shield against the cossmos and mars offers none of this
Before before we into into bipology of it
Can you break down the actual planetary mechanics
Why is mars so uniquely hospital compared to earth
What of the contrast really comes down to plantary scale and geological history
Which mars is significantly smaller than earth
Which means it simply doesn't have the mass to generate a comparable gravitational
All it sits at about thirty perperent ent earearth gravvyou you would
But the real death neell from martian hospitality happened billions of years ago
Deep within its core
What happened so earth has a channening liquid iron core
That creaa dynamo eect ct generating our massive magneus spso
Which deflects lethal solar radiation mars
Because it's so much smaller cooled off much faster
So the corore just froce basically its core stop conducting
And when that dynamo died
The planet's magnetic sheeld just vanished
Without that shield the solar went literally stripped away the martian atmosphere over a billions of years
Waaving almost nothing right leaving behind this paper in layer of gas that nineninety percent carbon dioxide
So you have a freezing desert by constantly omomararded by glactic cosmic rays and solar radiation
And the sources provides some staggering mbers on that radiation exposure by the way
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Data gathered by nasas's curiosity rover show that the average radiation dose a person would experience standing on the surface of mars in just one single day
Just one day
Yeah
Just twenty four hours
It is equivalent to double the amount of radiation
A normal human on earth is exposed to in an entire year
It's mine bogtle le all years worth of radiation doubled in twenty four hours
What does that kind of sustained exposure combined with micicrogravacactually do to and body and memean weren't just guessing here are we
We have decades of biomedical data we do
And the data paints a picture of rapid onset degradation to understand the baseline we look at the famous nasa twin study dy does involved astronaut scott
Kelly who spent nearly a year on the international space station
While his identical twin brother mark stayed down here on earth
Now they weren't just looking at like muscle mass
Well they volat the molecular level
They found profound eppigenetic changes
Genes turning on and off in totally unpredictable ways due to the stress of spacefght
Wow Yeah
In strangely scots
Teleeters
Those are the protective caps at the enzior chmozes
They actually lengthened
While he was in space
That sounds like a good thing
Though it does
But then they rapidly endangerously shorten
When he returned to earth plulus imimmune system went to overdrive constantly treating the microgravity environment as a systemic threat
Okay
I want to push back on this a little bit
The iss is in low earth orbit
So it still get some protect from earth's magneitus fear
And it's a zero gravity environment
But mars has thirty eight percent gravity
Doesn't that partial gravity offer some mechanical resistance for the body
Surely
It's not as bad as floating in the iss
It's a fair distinction to make
But the biomechanical threshold required to maintain human bondensity is much much closer to one g than thirty eight percent
Okay
A thirty eight percent just isn't enough to trigger the mainments
Exactly the human skeleton is a highly dynamic system
It's constantly balancing bone building cells
Ostio clasts and bone destroying cells called ostio classts
This balance is dictated by mechanical stress literally the pounding of your feet on the ground impact
Impact Yes
When you drop that mechanical streass by over sixty percent
The ostio clclass just take over
Astronauts can lose up to one point five percent of their bone mass in whet bearing streas of the pelvous in female every single month
One point five percent a month
So on a multy year
Mars mission that structure degradation is catastrorophic
It is
And it's not just the bones
Either the cardiovcucular system fundamentally alters on earth
Your heart works constantly to pump blood upport against gravity right fighting to get to your brain exactly
But in space that fluid shifts upward
Automatically
The fluid leads the lower extremities and pools in the head
This causes tremendous pressure on the optic nerves
Which is why a lot of astronauts suffer vision degradation
So you get puppy faces skinny legs
And you start going blblind basically and the heart muscle is self physically weakens
Because it simply doesn't have to work is hard anymore okay
So you have a weakened hard brittal bones failing eyesiand a hyper stressed immune system
And because of that brutal surface radiation we talk about earlier
You those architectural dreams of sprawling sunlid glass dones on mars
They are pure ficfioh oabyou you put a glass doe on the surface
You're essentially building a radiation cooker to survive these early setlers are going to have to tunnel
They will likely live deep inside ancient lova tubes or excavated caves buried undermeters of toxic
Martian regulate just to block the cosmic race
Which means we are talking about a completely subtranian data day physical existence
And that subtranian existence acts is first first major veerering of our human legacy
Think about it
We evolved over millions of years in syanc
With the sun are circudian rhythm
Our hormmonproduproduction corcorsl segging in the morning to wake us up milmilitonand rising at night to put just sleep
It all intrictely tied to the natural light cycle of earth and living underground on mars
Entirely dependent on artificial l ledelighting completely severs that deep biological connection to nature
The psychological toll of never seeing a blue sky or feeling the sun on your skin
It really cannot be overstated
And this brings us back to that dual force framework
We mentioned at the start on earth ai is pushing us into digital silos
We stare its screens isoate did in algorithmake bubbles right isolated mentally
But on mars the environment forces is into literal physical silos
Either way we are being driven underground
Whether metaphorically by technology or literally by radiation
That's a great point
But surviving the environment is one thing propagating the species is another entirely
And this is where the source material gets incredibly dark
If you're talking about a permanent settlement
People have to reproduce what actually happens to a human feet is developing an environment with only thirty eight percent of our a gravity
The available biological data suggests
It is highly problematic honestly bordering on catastrophic solomon points to a soviet experiment from the nine hundred and eighties called cosmoo fifteen fourteen
What do they do they sent pregnant rats into space
And the results were alarming the rap pups that developed in microgravity had severely delayed bone development
Their skeletans were incredibly fragile
Because the mechanical signalling required to trigger proper bone formation in utero was totally absent
Wow
Gravity isn't just a force holding us to the floor
It is a fundamental biological instruction set for soular development
But surely with our advancements in medical technology
We wouldn't just let that happen right
Couldn't we advananed araraccology target ted councium supplements or even artificial gravity centrtrifutures
During gestation to mitigate those developmental issues
You can certainly employ countermeasures
But you cannot perfectly replicate the complex on directional force of one g environment inside a developing room on a zero point three ag planet just mechanchanally impossipossiand the danger isn't just to the fetus
Either no
Not at all
We just discussed how adults lose massive amounts of bond density on marace
Pregnant women on earth
Already naturally lose some bone density as their bodies transfer councium to the developing fetus
Right combine that natural laws with their bodies trvity erinduced bondegradation on mars and a pregnant settlers pelelvic bones could be dangerously brary tal the sheer physical force of natural childbirth could literally shater the mother's pelvis that is horrifying
And the authors suggest that because of this tile breath on mars could become so dangerous
That the entire society might become completely reliant on ssysyrian sections just to survive every single birth surgically extracwhich introducces a massive evolutionary pivit think about the human head for hundreds of ethousands of years
The size of the human brain has been strictly limited by the size of the female elvvand the birth
Now it is illiteral evolutionary ttlemac
And if every birth on mars is a sea section evolutionary constraint is inststtly tly removed over generations
Natural selection or perhaps
Even artificial selection by favouror entirely different physical traits potentially leading to larger kranial al acities by vastly different skeleleal structures simply because the mechanical limits of earth based mammalian birth no longer apply which leads us to the ultimate incredibly cruel question post in the book
And i want you to think about this cana person born on mars
Ever return to mars
And the answer of the sources is point
You is almost certainly not it is one way way ket the physics of a return trip or just brutal and unforgiving imagine you're a third generation martiyour bones or lighter less dense
Your heart is weaker tayored precisely to the gentle thirty eight percent gravity of mars
Right if you were a bored a spaceship and travel to earth the moment
You entered earth atmosphere and acyou yourself to one g
Your body would experience a catastrophic mechanical shock earththis gravity would make you feel almost three times heavier than you're youtube
Your weakent cardiovascular system would struggle to pump blood to your brain against that gravity
You'd constantly lose consciousness
And your fragile martian adapted skeletal system could literally snap under the way of your own body returning to earth
Would literally feel like being crushed by a giant boorder
So the sanuary bebees a prison you escape birth
But your children are permanently locked out of it
Exactly
And this isolation acts as an evolutionary accelerator
The author talks about this concept of a cosmic island accelerating evolution
How exactly does isolating a small population on mars change their genetics
So quickly
It comes down to a biological principal called the founder
Effect
When a small isolated group breaks off from a larger population
The genetic makeup of that new group diprecacautionally dictates the future of the entire sedineage
Because there's no new dna coming in precisely whatever recessive tratraor uniunie mutataexist in those first a few hundred settlers will be magnified
我的好的
Throughout earth history
When animals get trapped on isolated islands
Like the galapages s evolve rapidly and completely differently from their mainland ancestors
This is due to unique environmental pressures and limited gene pools
And mars will isolate this population on a planetary scale
No natural selection on mars won't be sebtle
It will ruthlessly weed out those who cannot handle the ambient radiation
The psychological stress and the altered gravity
The survivors will pass on most specific trates
So we're not talking millions of years
Here no the author estimates that over surprisingly few generations perhaps as few as ten
These settlers will diverge so drastically from us
Bibilogically
That they will inevitably become an entirely new species
They will no longer be homo pipienthey they will be homo motion
Homomotion
The
The time frame is what's truly stagering there
We did to think of human evolution of something that takes hundreof thousands of years
Right
But extreme environmental pressure creates rapid genetic bottencks
The environment of mars is so radically different from the africans evota
That the ancestors evolved the time flected assuers will be astronomicals evolution hit fast fast forward
Here's where it is really interesting
Though because the physical reshaping of the body is only half
The story
The mind has to adapt to this new reality as well
Oh
The psychological shift will be massive
Let's look at this societal and psychological divergence earlier we contrsted ai as the top down force on earth
Ai curates a reality
Where you were the center of the universe
If feat you exactly what you want to see
Which makes us increasingly individualized
Atomized and lonely
But on mars
The psychological alienation moves the exact opposite direction
Because on mars
Individualism is a deadly luxury
The environment is so unforgiving
That the margin for err is absolute
Zero is zero on earth
If you make a careless mistake at work
You might get reremended zero mars is so mamakes
Mistakes say failing to properly seal an air lock
Or improperly maintaining the oxxi device
Everyone in that habitat dies within minutes
Let's expand on that m oxide device
Because the book mentioned it
And it really highlights the razors edge
These people
People lilive on er so so oxygde stands for marooxygen institive resource utilization experiment
It essentially breeds in the toxic martian atmosphere
Which is ninety percent marban atmoxde
If heits it about eight hundred degree celcis
And uses solid oxxide eleatroosis so so oxiix adam away away
Leaving carbon an oxide
You are relying on a complex high heat chemical refinery just to take your next breath
Exactly if a single valw fails your entire society suffocaates
That reality creates a psychological pressure cooker
That we cannot fat them on earth
So woman uses a hunting analality to explain the psychological reality
He compares early marchan settlers to david vetter the bubble boy
Yes
David was a young boy
Born in the nineteen seventy seventies with sevcombband munundeefficiency
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He had no functioning immune system
So to keep him alialiso
He lived his entire life sealed inside a stereoplastic bubble and solement argues
That a martian settlement will essentially be a planetary society of bubble people
They will spend their entire lives in cramped and closed artificially constructed spaces
Entirely dependent on machines to keep them breathing and just like david better
They will face in a minological nightmare
Because they live in a constructed bubble
They will have almost zero exposure to earth vast microbial diversity
Which is incredibly dangerous right
We have something on earth called the hygiene hypothesis
It's the idea that kids who aren't exposed to enough dirt microbes develop severe allergies and ottaimmundidisees
Their immune systems don't have anything to fight
So they turn on the body
Itself what happens to a imtian
Whose imimmune system has never encountered in novel virus
Their immune systems would likely become imdibly in a youth
Here on earth
We are constantly bombarded by bacteria and viruses in the air
The water and the soil
What happens arremune systems robust and highly trained always work now
Exactly martian will lose that complex microbial ecosystem
This creates a terrifying scenario a two way biological barrier
If a supply ship from earth arrives carrying a crew member with a mild
A sympmptomatic rhino virus
Just the common cold
That virus could rip through the martian colony and wipe out the entire settlement
Because they wouldn't have any annobodidies to fight it off
Absolutely none
So virus can't come to earth
Because the gravity will crush them
And earthlings can't freely interact with martian
Without acting is walking biological weapons
The isolation is total complete an other isolation
But surely
These astronauts will be highly trained professionals
Nasa selects for psychological resilience want their training overright the stresss of that isolation training can only mitigate so much of the fundamental human psychwhen when remove ve avenues of physical escape the mind
Fractures
The sources
Highlight profascinate ding real world analogue for this
The biosphere here to experiment from the early nineteen
Ninety
Ninety Oh
I remember reading about this eight highly trained passionate scientists sealed themselves inside a massive three ager artisoitely constructed ecosystem in the airzona
Desersert tentending to stay a leels the simulated space colony
And it was an absolute psychological disaster
It really was the soil in the enclosure absorb too much
Oxygen
The atmosphere levels unexpectetedly dropped the crops failed
And food became incredibly scarce as the physical environment deteriorated
The psychological environment completely shattered
Precisely these eight professionals split into two warrying factions
That absolutely despise each other the divide became so toxic
That they would intentionally sabooge each ther's work
Steel food
And eventually stopped making eye contact other diviato the other other faction entirely
And that was just a neuro zone
It right now imagine that intense clustphobic hatred
But instead of being an an brazona
Where you can literally just open a glass door and walk out into the desert
If things get too bad
You are millions of miles away in a dead leavacuum
Um cannot escape your cruel mates
You cannot go for a walk in the woods to cool off the mental toll of that confinement combined with the constant lingering threat of instantaneeous death will completely rewire their societal norms that implies a terrifying shift in governance
If one person's mental breakdown can result in the destruction of a habitat's life support
Then group cohesion has to be enforced at all costs
You might see the rise of incredibly rigid authoritarian social structures
Because descent or erditic behavior is distinguisshble from a lethal threat individual free will as we value it in liberal democracies on earth might simply be compatible with martian 's survival
The society would likely have to monitor its citizen's psychological states constantly like using advanced biometric sensors probably just to preunt any breakdowns
Privacy would be a secondary concerned collective security
Imagine being a third of fourth generation
Martian born into that system
Earth is no longer home
It's just a pale blue dot in the night sky
Barely visible the vocabulary of earth will lose all structural meaning
It really well words like forest
Ocean
Breeze
Rain or sunshine in your face
These will be nothing more than abstract concepts from ancient history books
They will have no sensory equivalent on mars
Their entire psychological framework
What they value how they interact how king perceive reality will comcomtely partwways with earthlings the martian mind will be as alien to us as the martian body
It forces us to confront the central premise
We started with we look about mars
Seeking in escape from the geopolitical anxieties in the chaos of our modern world
We want to clean slate
But becomcommarmartiimproves definitively that there is no ready made safe harbor in the universe
We are not choosing between danger and safety
We are forced to choose between two profound irreversible meteorphhies
Let's clearly define those two path
Pathy is that we stay on earth
We endure the political chaos
The resource wars
And we face the comprehensive invasion and fusion aars into our minds ds our societies
对
We adapt to a world
Where our cognition is increasingly intertwined with algorithms changing what it means to be an independent human thinker
And path b is that we fleto mars
But to do so we must surrender our physical bodies as homosppiens
We must allow the brutal unforgiving laws of the cosmos violently carbas into a totally unrecognizable susubterranian new species
If we shouldn't assume
We must just passibly let natural selection take its aggonizing coursee
There we are a technological species
We
We will only certainly try to cheat the system using genetic engineering
Which brings its own profound ethical and bibiloloical ical imicicthe book dives into this exexact concept directed evolution
If we know the radiation marmars going to destroy our dna
Right would we we engineineour dna
Before we believe the source mentioned geneticist christmson who is actively researching how to combine human dna with the dna a targragrades
Yes
The water pairs
Right for those unaware tartic grades or microscopic virtually instrucable organas
They can survive the vacuum space and massive doses of eonizing radiation
Yeah
How exactly does mason proposed we use them well targragrades possess a unique protein called diseup
Which stands for damage suppressthis protein binds to their dna
And acts like a physical shield protecting the genetic material from being cleved by the hydroxs radicals
That are generated eionising radiation hits the water inside itself
So it's armor for dna
Basically
Mason's research explares the possibility of inserting the gene that duces disap into human cells
We might literally engineer our own genomes
Splacing ourselves with microscopic extremea files
Just to ensure we can survive the cosmic graace without developing lethal cancers
But notice the paradox
There we fleers to preserve humanity
But to survive the new environment
We have displaced our dna watwater bears and artificially accelerate our evolution into something else entirely whwhether it is through sslow gonizing grind of natural suffering or the wrapid clinical application of directed genetic engineering
We are permanently altering what it means to be human
It acts as an incredible mirror for our species
The source material isn't just a collection of aerospace engineering facts and biological darings
It reflects humanity right back at us illuminating both our incredible frality
How easily a lack of gravity or addosiraradiation can dismental our bodies and our profound almost terrifying adapbility our wilingness to hurl ourselves into to freezing dark k to tuml to toxic dirk to genetically alter our own children just to ensure the spark of consciousness survives it's breath taking and horrifying all at once
Whether we are sitting in front of a glowing screen on earth
Adapting our neural pathways to rapid ai models or sitting strapped ed into ststarship face in the infinite dark
Our destiny is exactly the same to adapt through massive people to evolve through pain
Both pass are one way streets into the total unknown
This raises a critical philosophical question about the very nature of our survival
The fundamental drive to setle space champion by visionaries and air space engineers is born from a desire to preserve humanity
We want a back up drive for our species
But the paradox at the heart of samman's book is that the environment of space absolutely guarantees that the specific biological creature we call human today cannot persist their unchanged
So what does this memean for you think about this paradox
The next time you look up at the night sky
Wishing for for a escape from the new cycle
The very act of migrating to space to preserve humanity
Guarantees
That the humans we are trying to preserve
Will ceize to exist
If our ultimate survival requires us to sacrifice our earthly ly didies
Our earthly minds and our earthly connection to nature
Are we actually saving humanity
Or are we just replacing it
If a new species looks back at earth from a lobbitubon mars genetically engineered with tardegree dna communicating in hyperefficient ways
We can't comprehend having never felt the wind or seen an ocean
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Did we save ourselves or did we birth our successors
Given the intense physical crushing of the gravity
The deep psychological alienation of living in a pressuized bubble
The imunological nightmare of losing our microbial heritage
And the absolute permanent lossive every earthly comfort we take for granted perhaps
The chaos of earth isn't quite as unmanageable as we think
When you weigh the magic of a gentle rainstorm
Against the crushing reality of becoming a subterrananan
Homo martin
Let's just be on earth for now
Thanks for listening and see you next up
So
