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Hello
大家好
欢迎来到这一期双语版的英语冰美式
我是乔治
今天我们来聊一聊印度口音
我相信大家都多多少少对印度口音有所耳闻
印度英语它不仅仅是口音的问题啊
它有自己的一些特点
和英美的口音有比较大的区别
没有 有没有 呃
我们可能觉得印度英语就是印度人所独有的呗
但事实可能不完全是这样
我们很多中国同学说英语的时候也有点印度英语的感觉啊
我们今天就来聊一聊印度英语是怎么样的感觉
以及欧美人对印度英语的一些看法
最后呢
我们会谈一谈我们在自己发音的过程当中
怎样去避免一些啊
印度口音的发音特征
提到印度英语
我就想起我刚到美国的时候
刚开始的时候我是和很多中国同学合租的
我们住在一起啊
虽然我们那个时候大家玩的挺开心的
但是这个对英语口语的提升是没有帮助的
所以在第一个学期结束以后
我就换了一个住处
新的地方呢
是一个single house
这个不能叫别墅
就确实就是一个single house 啊
里边住了三个人
除了我之外
有一个乌干达的哥们儿
有一个尼泊尔的
还有一个印度打哥
那加上我四个人
四个人来自四个不同的国家
我觉得这个挺好的
氛围很好
对提高英语很有帮助的
我刚搬进去的那一天
那个印度大哥
他的名字叫rom
全名应该叫romnenetrton
这个rom 这个大哥就过来跟我说话了
攀谈了
但是我当时就懵掉了
完全不知道在说什么
只是从气氛上我感觉哎
他好像是要么是在嘘寒问暖
还是问我多大
反正只能从气氛上感觉一下
所以在这个时候我就采用了我们很多中国同学啊
在这种情况下会采用的交际策略
就是点头微笑呗
然后就反正也不太知道他在说什么
就微笑着点点头
就大概过去了大概五六分钟
我发现他说话这个语速开始变慢了
哎
句子和句子之间的停顿开始变长了
呃
通过这些信号我猜测
嗯
他应该是说的差不多了
终于我等到他和句和句中间有一个比较长的间隙的时候
我赶快插了一句话
我说
It's been nice meeting you
呃
然后ram 就回了一句
啊
Like wise
于是我们的初次见面就这样愉快的或者说尴尬的结束了
作为一个语言学专业的学生
我马上就对rom 的口音产生了浓厚的兴趣
当时我们住的四个人
除了rom 以外
另外两个人他们也不是美国人
说话也有口音
但是他们的口音我是能听懂的
就是rom 的这个印度口音真的是太难懂了
为什么呢
后来经过我的长时间的观察
我总结了一下
大概有以下两个原因
第一
Rom 这个人
他是一个行走的gre 红宝书
他是在能用高级词汇的时候绝对不用低级词汇
有机会要使用高难度词汇
没有机会他创造机会也要使用高难度词汇
比如说我们在客厅里看个电视吧
这个时候他让我把遥控器递给他
那一般情况下我们会怎么说呢
我们就说
Could you give me the remote control
Could you hand me the remote control 都可以对吧
那你知道他是怎么说的
他说may i come and deer the remote please comon dear
我的个妈呀
谁会这么说话呀
这个comon dear 是掌控掌管的意思啊
要不是我背过gre 的红宝书
还真听不懂他在说什么
还有一次我们想一起去超市买点东西
然后他在客厅里
我们就问他
哎 Rom
要不要一起去对吧
然后他说
I'm contemplating about it
I'm contemplating about it
呃
我这有点模仿他的印度英语了
他用的这个单词是contemplate
Contemplate 啊
谁会这么说话呢
你就说let me think about it 不就完了吗
为什么要用contemplate 呢
还有一次可能是因为我说的他没听懂
他说
I do not comprehend the gist of your meaning
我
我是也是在模仿他的印度英语
I do not comprehend just of your meaning
我真的是无力吐槽他这个语法结构和这个这词汇汇使用方式
I do not comprehend
我不理解the gist just 的核心对吧
Your meaning
你
你语义的核心是什么
我不理解你语义的核心是什么
那谁会这么使用呢
谁会这么说话呢
那我们表面上看
其实啊
我们觉得它是使用一些高级词汇
其实还不仅如此
就它这个句子的组织结构
虽然说是符合语法的
但是它却并不是英美人会使用的这种句法结构啊
The just st few meaning
你语义的核心
谁都这么讲话呀
特别是在口语当中
没有人这么讲话的
那这是第一点
就是语法的结构比较生僻
词汇使用过于高级
这是
我是一个
这是
但这个还不是最难受的
最难受的是他的语音语调
Brown 大哥
我已经好久没有跟他联系了
这但是我这里有一段音频大家可以感受一下
这个音频是来自英国的电视剧
特体现起一心特征
我不知道大家能够听懂多少啊
啊
我这个人的语音啊
就体现了印度英语的一个核心征征
们们知讲一的音个普及的时候
音调普遍比较高
我们我知有啊
什么是音调高呢
音乐的五线谱哆瑞咪发嗦o 哎
它是一个从低高的这么演进进过程程一来说说
我们说女孩子声音比较尖利啊
比较尖细啊
啊
这个个就音音调啊
女孩子的声音间细并不意味着女孩子的声音大是不是
所以以调调和声音的大大无无关的
那这里音调就是
嗯嗯
孩的一一音调是那是
这个就叫音音低
一般来说
我们说重音音时候
我们会会用这样的声调调
而不会用这这样的声调
我举例例子啊
比如说fantasffantastic
它的音音tasa 上面
我们就会用a 这样的声调
而不会用a 这样的声调
那你如果用a 这样的声调的话
那你就变成印度人了
Fantastic 啊
这个就是印度英语了
Fantastic 梅tomdo 哎
这个就是印度英语
而不是啊我们说的英美正常情况下的英语了
所以印度英语是用比较低的声调来体现重音的啊
这个和我们熟悉的英美英语的重音的体现方式不太一样
当然我想说的是
呃
在英美有的时候也会用比较低的声调来表示重音
那这个是另外一回事
我们有机会再说
一般情况下不是这样的
当然印度英语在音段层面也有一些特点
比如说印度英语有一些卷舌的音d 和t
它是卷舌的
有一个大家都听说过的笑话啊
叫i'm didimy my fe is did do do
比如脏
我的老婆也很脏啊
不是
他说的是i'm thirty and my wife is thirty two
我三十岁
我老婆也是三十岁
她th 这个音会发生得得dy 得dy 对吧
而且她thirty 它会发生得dy 得dy 用一个比较低的声调啊
类似于我们普通话的第三声
那你看
就这样的一种发音方式啊
就是印度英语的特征了
那今天就是跟大家稍微谈了一谈印度英语的一些特点
第一
它会莫名其妙的使用一些高水平的单词
而这个有的时候这个句型比较的awkward
Awkward ard 不是说它不符合语法
句法是正确的
但是呢
不符合native speaker 的一种表达习惯
我觉得这个在看我们就是呃
中国同学的一些特别是一些文章的时候
这样的句子非常的普遍
就是很awkward
你看着句子也是符合语法结构的啊
但其实它好像并不是native speaker 一种习惯的表达方式
我
我有时候看一些
呃
论文啊什么的
我看到这么一句话
我就大概能够知道是我们中国同胞哎
开头一般会这么写
With the development of 什么什么什么more and more 什么什么是吧
大家是不是都喜欢这样的一种写法呀
With the development of technology more and more people are getting used to ai
呃
是不是很多人都会这样的的一种结构吧
但是我们可以注意去看
去看哪一个美国人英国人会用with the development of 什么什么用在段落的开头
几乎没有
我
我在录这个音频之前我也去google 上面也查过的
很少很少
几乎没有这样的一种表达方式
那你说这样的表达方式不符合语法吗
啊 符合语法
能听懂吗
能听懂对吗
好像不是太对啊
就是很awkward
很诡异很古怪
这就导致有的时候我们听不太懂啊
人家印度人到底在说什么
这个句子太古怪了啊
至于说他使用的那些高水平的词汇嘛
倒是另外一回事
因为你高水平的那些高级的词汇
其实你句子如果我能够大概猜出你句子在说什么
我是可以在语境当中猜出来你在说什么的
但怕就怕你这个句子也是一个很阿库尔的句子
那我就猜不出来你在说什么了
这是第一个
但第二个呢
就是我们刚才说的音调和重音的关系
我们一般会用比较高的音调来去表示句重音和词重音
那印度英语恰恰相反
它是用比较低的音调来表示句重音和词重音的啊
比如说像印度这个国家
我们说英的啊
英的啊对吧
它是银地啊
银的啊啊
那区别在哪里呢
音有点像我们汉语拼音的第一声音
这是高的声调
那他们是银地啊
有点像用的第三声的感觉是吧
那这个就是好的
那这个语调上的区别我们时间长了啊
到可以去体会到啊
可以去理解的
呃
但是就是第一个问题
就是词汇和句法上的问题
确实是很难懂我
我们也不要说说是我们non native speaker 听不懂啊
我问过很多native speaker 啊
他们也听不懂的
也听不懂这样的表达方式的啊
我不知道大家知不知道
就是美国的那个电信公司啊
Atnt 就是美国的这个网络呀
手机他也是像我们中国电信一样的这么一个公司啊
他的这个call center 客服
人工客服就全是外包给印度的啊
所以当时我们在美国啊
给那个美国的这个atnt 这个电信公司打电话办一个什么业务
他直接给我接到印度去了啊
那个时候我们就听那个印度人跟我们印度的客服跟我们讲话
谁听得懂啊
我有一次我甚至太抓狂了
我直接找了我那个美国的房东
我说你来帮我跟他交流
我说在是听不懂
然后美国的房东他也听不懂啊
这个印度英语到底在说什么
实在听不懂
因为那些人他们觉得自己说的是英语
他说的还特别快
他跟我们这种nnnative speaker er 一样快
我这也解释了为什么说我们那时候住了四个人
除了这个rom 这个印度人的英语我听太懂
另外两个人我能听懂呢
因为另外两个人跟我一样样们都认为自己是non native speaker
我们有自知之明
所以我们讲话讲的没那么快
用的单词用的没那么复杂
那个rom 他不一样啊
他从小就觉得自己英语是个印度speaker er
他讲话话讲的啊
他意思就是你听不懂是你的事儿啊
所以天这话心态也不太一样是吧
那今天我们关于印度英语就讲到这儿了
接下来有我们的英语英播跟大家做更加详细的探讨
Girl
Go make you life
Make you life welking that so before we get properly started today
I wanted to quickly touch on what short was saying in the last segment about his old flatmate ram yeah
He mentioned a couple of things about ram engenglish uh some word choices that surprising him
That's also that think about using a lower pitch on stressed words
Right those are a pretty common servservacactually really
Really a ten notice first about indian acacence definitely
But you know as we like to do we want to look a bit deeper than just those surface impression definitely
But brings this neatly to today's topic
We're going take a closer look at the indian accent in english or indian english ie as it's often called we want to get into some of its um main features
But also and this is maybe the real interesting
And think really what english leners in china can actually take away from understanding it that's a great angle
And you know the very first thing to understand ds that indian english isn't monolithc it's not just one accent
Oh
H it's really a whole spectrum of ways of speaking english shaped by all the different regional languages across indian
I mean the linguistic diversity there is huge
But that variety itself is a key point
Absolutely keep that in mind
So our goal today isn't just like describing sounds
It's more about exploring the really prominent features of indireally english pronunciation
Especially the ones that might affect
How easily someone is underststso so in enough family with the acact exactly
And then draw some parallels
Find some lessons specifically for our listeners in china
Who are learning english trying to help them communicate
Effectively you know globally okay sounds
So well
It's we start make definfining indian english a bit more
Yeah
Let's in that down first right well
It's what lingust call a world english
Basically english used in places
Where it's not the main first language
But it's become institualized and important part of society so in india
Itself obviously
But also among the indian diaspira around the world
Precisely
And as we said it's incredibly varied
Because it's been interacting with local indian languages for centuries
It has debrootes
Then Oh
Absolutely goes way back to the east indian company
And today it's actually an associate official language in india
Used everywhere government courts
Educaact
Business media
It's really woven into the fabric of the country
Right now you mentioned earlier
It's useful to distinguish it from english
Can you unpack that a bit yes good point
嗯
It's helpful especially think about chinese learners and maybe chenglish india an english you see is established variety with its own kind of norms
Even if they very henglish is more about code mixing
Mixing hindi engenglish yeah often in the same sentenceven it's more fluid informal depends on the situation
So ie is a nativised variety of english
Well english is more like a style of speaking the blends to languages
Okay that makes sense
It's like the difference between and established local dialect and just mixing languages casually kind of yeah understanding that difference can help chinese learners think about how english in chinese interact too right
So now we know what ie is let's talk about understanding think yejust having an acacent doesn't mean your hard understand right
Exactly this is crucial intellisibate um three ideas
Intelligibility
Comprehensibility and accidentness
Ook intelligibility is basic
Because the listener actually decode the words and get the message
Because prehensibility is about the ease of understanding how much effort doesn't take an acacctedness
That's just how much
Someone's pronunciation differs from some reference point
Maybe the listeners 's acacent ent quite perceived standard
So you could have a strong accent
But still be perfectly intelligible and comprehensible absolutely
And this is so important for language learners
Everywhere including china don't automatically equite accent with being misunderstood that's quite reassuring
I imagine it should be 好的好的
The focus on language teaching now especially with english as a global language is shifting
It's less about sounding native
And much more about mutual intelligibility
Can people understand each other effectively
That's the goal okay a very practical approach
So let's get into the specific them the sounds
What are some key pronunciation features of indiindienglish right we can break it down into sort of individual sounds
Values and concience
And then the bigger picture stuff like rhythm in intonation could start with valouws okay
Sometimes the range of distinct valal sounds in ie somebe a bit smaller compared to say received pronunciation or general americans
This means sounds that are clearly different in those acacent might sound more similar in ie
Like which ones differenrence the the vel in cat at sus s balolon bed
Or the one in caught versus caught these pairs might be neutralized sound the same for some speakers so bt and bad
Could sound light potially ally ah also unnerestrvized the ones in syilables
That aren't emphasized tend to be proncce more fully in ie
In many other acacts
They get reduced to a weak uh sound like the a and about in ie
You might hear them more clearly interesting and concondence
Um concondence a famous one is retroreflection
This affects the t nd sounds
Yeah
The ton tip crols back slightly towards the roof of the mouth
When making the sound so tnd become more like sns
These sounds are common in many indian languages so a direct influence georgious didn't mention that one
But i've heard people talk about it
What else aspiration or rather the lack of it
Sometimes that puff of air after ptk exactly in acacent like british or american english usually get that puff win ptk start a stressed silable like like pintiton kind in ie
That aspiration is often absent so pin sounds more like closer to how ab might sound initially to some listeners so pin might be heard of has been in is din kkind's jene that lack of aspiration can really shift perception
Wow Yeah
That could definitely cause confusion
You can then there's the classic v and w thing so they get language don't didiinguisisbetwtwen en sounds so they get mixed up ofcan then speakers might use them interchangeably or use a sound
That somewhere in between so vet and wet or vine and wine might sound very similar
And that's something manor in speakers also struggle with right the v sound exactly that's a really direct parallel for our listeners in china
对对对
Mandarin doesn't have av
So it's a common substitution pattern for them too often using w instead fascining overlap
What about the the sounds
Ah yes
Uh is in thin
In a as in this
These don't exist in most indian language either so they get replaced yep come on replacements are
Are dental stoops sounlike like dd maybe made closer to the t thee tne
So the thing might sound like ten or thin within an asperratic t and and like in and again again similar to mandaron speakers
Who often use s or t for test and z or d for a precisely you really see the l one the first language soundnd shaping the l two pranciation in very systematic ways
It's not random error
It's a pattern based on their existing sounds system
Exactly couple of a quick mentionons for conscience the r sound is often a tap or flap
The quite different from say american d and a quick flicicsof tonongue ah ah depenpenon the region on might might less less distinction between the r or z
Ddj
Also sometimes hehear extual little vall inserted into constant clusters like saying is school for school a emphasis right
I think that happens sometimes with mandarance speakers to breaking up tricky concerant groups
It does so these are all examples of l one influence and understortant than geps chinese learners see their all interenonanciation challenges not as personal failings but as predictable consequences of how mandarin sounds work
That's a really empowering perspective
Now we've covered individual sounds
What about the bigger stuff to hhinthat rhythm pitch stress right the superpresigmentals
Yeah and honestly these often have a bigger impact on see their inteinteligibility than individual sounds really more important than getting conscienance right
Often yes let's start with rhythm
Indian english is predominantly syilitance right meaning each syliable gets roughly equal time pretty much contrast that with say british or american english which are stress time and straight time languages
The time between stress to syllales tends to be similar meaning answer as sylables get squashed
So ie might sound more even may ybe bit monmontoneous to years used to stress timing
That's often the perception
Yes
You can sound a bit flat
And it can make it harder for listeners to pick up the important words
Because stress is a key q for that in stress time english and the connection to chinese learners big connection here mandarin is also largely learntimes
So chinese learners often naturally carry that rhythm into their english
What about ie speakers that major shared feature
That can affect comprehensibility
Okay
That's a huge point
What about word stress georgemension lower pitch
But you said it's more about which syillable gets stressed
Yeah
While pitch is part of stress
The placement of stress is critical
And in ie word stress patterns can difer significantly from rprga and in hear development
Instead development or hotel instead of hotel
And that can really throw listeners off
Absolutely remember that study
是的 对的
Ie speakers saying upset stress on up
Or often heard of saying absent stress on ab by british listeners just changing the stress change the perceived word entirely
Wow
That's powerful
And for chinese learners dealing with english word stress must be tough coming from a tonnel language
Where pitch changes meaning at the syloable level
Exactly the whole concept of lexicical stress one silliable being inherently stronger
Within a word is different
Different mandonance tunnel system
So it's a common challengge okay
Rhythm worstrestress
What about sentence intonnel leelity
Yeah a flatation patterns in ie might also differ
Sometimes a flatter pitch range overall or different contowers for questions or a statements
This in sometimes lead to uh pragmatic misunderstandings is the person asking telling being sarcastic the the ysicality carriis meaning it does
And where the main sentence stress falls
Nunuclear stress is also crucial hihilighting the key information
If that placement differs the focus of meserers can be missed again
Mandon's 's ones es interfere with masstering english internation patterns
So these supersegmentals
Rhythm stress intonsitions seem really
Really important
Usually important
The intelligibility challenges sometimes associated with ie often steand more from these prosditic features
Than from individual sounds
And that's a massive lesson for chinese learners pay serious attention for english rythm in melting
Got it now moving beyond sound
George also mention unusual word choice
Let's talk about vocabulary and grammar in ie right
Indian isms
Ie has its own unique vocabulary and gracamatical quarks
Some words are borrowed from indeed languages
Like craw and lack for numbers okay
Then there are neouism and vocaulous ppoting the opposite of postpones or time pass for activity just to kill time pay serione sounds logical
But isn't standard
Elsewhere exactly you also get different compound formations like cousin brother or cousin sister disspecify gender and some standard english towards have shifted meaning example pass out
Often means graduate revert back
Just means reply what is your good name is a polite way to asked for someone's first name and the classic rubber meaning you racer
Oh
The rubber one that definitely causes confusion outside india big time
So while these are perfectly normal and understood with an india
They can be oppaked outsiders awareness of more common strustandard terms is useful make sense
And grammar are there common structural differences
Yes
Often reflecting the grammar of underlying in the languages
Question formation is a big one
You might hear what you were doing
Instead of what are you doing
Um acacking that subject verb inversion okay
Yes
No questions might rely just on intonation without do or be
And the tag question isn't
It gets use very widely like you are coming tomorrow isn't
It oh
Like a universal tag pretty much verb tense y usage condifferent er it overuse to the progressive like i am understanding you
Instead of i understand or using present perfect for a finished past action
I have seen him yesterday instead
I saw him yesterday right
You also revation in article use as and positions discuss about the matter
Instead of just discussed the matter
Sometimes worard order might very slightly too
Oh
In reduplication for emphasis
Like give me the hot hot tea
So again these often trace back to the l one grammar
Exactly it's l one transfer just like how mderon grammar influence is the english producers by chinese learners think chenglish patterns
And they take away way similar these forms are valid locally
But for broader communication mastering standard structures is important
This comparison is really illuminating
So let's really focus now on bridging this for chinese learners
What are the key overlaps and differences and challenges okay
We've touch on many overlaps
Already we'spespeakers and andderan speakers often struggle with indian the and i sounds the v sound differentiating eleand r the the realizzdidiffers
Final concidenence
No manifestation differs
Constant clusters
Aspiration of ptk having a smaller vallevintory leaving difiers from final al al reduction wow quite a list and crucially cilable able time rhythm ring over from l one difficulties with english words stresspplacement and one interinterference with english intertenation patterns
So the categories of difficulty are very similar
Even if the specific sounds involved
Might very slightly
Precisely
But there are key differences too a big one is final confeenenence
Mandren speakers often drop them or at of vooul sound
Where is ie speakers tend to pronounce them fully sometimes even overpronouncing based on spelling and resting contrast
And while aspiration is issue for both the reason and pattern differ due to how aspiration works phunnamically amandderant versus alphphonically in english and its general absence in ie stops so studying ie gives chinese learners almost like a case study of l two english development driven by a different l one
It can make them more aware their own l one influence
Exactly it provides a bit of distance and objectivity
And it reinforces just how critical those who be siggmentals
Rhythm stress inintnaation are for intelligibility a shared challenge zone
What about listener perception to chinese listeners find ie easy or hard to understand research is mixed
But generally why there might be some shared l two advantage
These specific
Phonnological and proysic fiures of ie can pose significant challenges for chinese listeners
Especially for detailed comprehension
So it's not automatic understanding
Just because both are non native varieties
Not at all it shows intelligibility is coo constructed listen to auiliarity matters hugely people also attend to understand acacts ser to their own or from their own l one background more easily these shared l one boosting effect
But the goal for most learners is wider communication right so understanding where chinese less might must stumble with ie ves clues about where their own english might cause problems for listeners from other backgrounds
Okay
This brings us to practical applications
What can chinese teachers and learners actually do with all this several things
First for listening explicitly raise aawaness ness of one influence ence use iexexamples to show how works then guide learners to identify mandarance influence on their english
Make the invisible
Visible
Exactly and systematically exposed learners to diverse accents
Including ie don't just use standard british american models activities like guess the acacent or analyzing features helped build familiars just listening practice with ie improves auditory discrimination train the year
What about speaking improving their own production
Focus on what matters most for international intelligility
The lf like the lingufrank a core the lfc lingufrank a core
Yeah
It's a concept
Suggesting a core set of pronunciation features
Crucial for intelligibility among non native speakers
Things like most conststent sounds
Key voolink distinctions
Constanent clusters and nuclear stress
And what's less critical according to their elacy things like achieving native like val quality using weak forms perfectly or mastering specific native internation tunes
It prioritities clarity over mimicicy
So use l fc as a target as a practical baseline
Yes
Then target practice on the shared challengeras we identified aspiration the sounds
Though lfc notes consistent substitution might be ok final confidence contracting i ease full pronticiation with mandarinddropping
Getting constant ent lelesters and crucially stress time rhythm valal reduction
Words stress and nuclear stress
Use the ie examples to highlight why these matters so much
Precisely use the functial load idea focus on differences that most effect meaning okay
And the unpronunciation vocabulary and grammar say prprinciple raise awareness yeah
Use indianisms as examples of localized mexico grammar encourage learners refflect
Unpotential chingisin their
Their outoutput whwhether its international tionally cleappapparent contrast yeah
And emphasize mastering standard grammatical structures for wider intelligibility using ie variations as points of comparaon not as models for international use
Finally
What about general communication skills superimportant teach active communication strategies how to ask for clarification politely how to rephrase
If is understood
How to check if the listeners following rarale playing helps taking responsibility for communication
Both sites also use scafding visuals
Conconnect to prior knowleoyeah starters
Leverage
Multi motal resources and foster cultural awareness
How norms affect interaction remind learners
That the listener shares res responsibility
Developing active listening and tolerance for ambiguity is key for them to great commactical strategies
So wrapping up what are the core strategy
Here i'd say l one influences
Listening
Supersenmenals
Rhythm
Stress
Ststtiations are incredibly important for intelligibility be wware understanariand vocabulary and grammar and awmber understanding is a two way street and conconstrucby spespeer and liststening in the implication for teaching move towards an intellibility focus approach that embraces the reality of world english
Any final words of advice for chinese learners listening
Yeah embrace ace linguistic diversity practies and monolific focus your efforts on core intelligibility features developthat memetal linguistic awareness understand how your mandarate might be shaping your english practice
Active listening and use communication repair strategies confidently and build up confidence
Effective communication is the goal not accent elimination
Excellent advice and perhaps a final thought for you or listener to ponder
Consider how exploring these different varieties of english doesn't just refine communication skills
But actually broadens your perspective on language culture and global inconnenecveness
Think about other english
You encounter maybe
Singaporean english or nigerian english
How might princiciples discussed today apply there too thanks are exploring this with us
